MarBEF Data System



WoRMS taxon details

Gymnodinium F.Stein, 1878

109475  (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:109475)

accepted
Genus
Proaulax Diesing, 1866 · unaccepted (synonym)

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  1. Species Gymnodinium abbreviatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  2. Species Gymnodinium achromaticum Lebour, 1917
  3. Species Gymnodinium acutissimum Okolodkov, 1997
  4. Species Gymnodinium acutiusculum Okolodkov, 1997
  5. Species Gymnodinium adriaticum (Schmarda) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  6. Species Gymnodinium aequatoriale Hasle, 1960
  7. Species Gymnodinium aeschrum (T.H.Harris) Moestrup
  8. Species Gymnodinium agaricoides P.H.Campbell, 1973
  9. Species Gymnodinium agiliforme Schiller, 1928
  10. Species Gymnodinium alaskense Bursa ex Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  11. Species Gymnodinium albidum J.B.Lackey & E.W.Lackey, 1970
  12. Species Gymnodinium albulum Er.Lindemann, 1928
  13. Species Gymnodinium allophron J.Larsen, 1994
  14. Species Gymnodinium alsiophyllum Skuja, 1964
  15. Species Gymnodinium amphiconicoides J.Schiller, 1955
  16. Species Gymnodinium amphityphlum J.Larsen, 1994
  17. Species Gymnodinium amphora Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  18. Species Gymnodinium amplinucleum P.H.Campbell, 1973
  19. Species Gymnodinium antarcticum A.E.Thessen, D.J.Patterson & S.A.Murray, 2012
  20. Species Gymnodinium arcticum Wulff, 1919
  21. Species Gymnodinium arcuatum Kofoid, 1931
  22. Species Gymnodinium arenicola Dragesco, 1965
  23. Species Gymnodinium astigmatum Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  24. Species Gymnodinium atomatum J.Larsen, 1994
  25. Species Gymnodinium attenuatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  26. Species Gymnodinium aurantium P.H.Campbell, 1973
  27. Species Gymnodinium auratum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  28. Species Gymnodinium aureolum (E.M.Hulburt) Gert Hansen, 2000
  29. Species Gymnodinium aureum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  30. Species Gymnodinium australe Playfair, 1919
  31. Species Gymnodinium australense Ruiner, 1938
  32. Species Gymnodinium austriacum J.Schiller, 1932
  33. Species Gymnodinium baccatum Balech, 1965
  34. Species Gymnodinium baicalense N.L.Antipova, 1955
  35. Species Gymnodinium baumeisteri J.Schiller, 1955
  36. Species Gymnodinium bicaudatum Pavillard, 1905
  37. Species Gymnodinium biciliatum Ohno, 1911
  38. Species Gymnodinium biconicum J.Schiller, 1928
  39. Species Gymnodinium bicorne Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  40. Species Gymnodinium bifurcatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  41. Species Gymnodinium bilobatum Van Meel, 1969
  42. Species Gymnodinium birotundatum van Goor, 1925
  43. Species Gymnodinium bisaetosum Lindemann, 1928
  44. Species Gymnodinium blax T.M.Harris, 1939
  45. Species Gymnodinium bogoriense G.A.Klebs, 1912
  46. Species Gymnodinium boguense P.H.Campbell, 1973
  47. Species Gymnodinium boguensis P.H.Campbell, 1973
  48. Species Gymnodinium bohemicum Fott, 1938
  49. Species Gymnodinium bonaerense Akselman, 1985
  50. Species Gymnodinium boreale Gaarder, 1953
  51. Species Gymnodinium canus Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  52. Species Gymnodinium capitatum Conrad & Kufferath, 1954
  53. Species Gymnodinium caput J.Schiller, 1928
  54. Species Gymnodinium cassieorum R.E.Norris, 1961
  55. Species Gymnodinium catenatum H.W.Graham, 1943
  56. Species Gymnodinium caudatum Prescott, 1944
  57. Species Gymnodinium chiasmonetrium Norris, 1961
  58. Species Gymnodinium chiastosporum (T.M.Harris) Cridland, 1958
  59. Species Gymnodinium chinensis A.E.Thessen, D.J.Patterson & S.A.Murray, 2012
  60. Species Gymnodinium christenii Thessen, D.J.Patterson & Shauna Murray, 2012
  61. Species Gymnodinium chukwanii D.Ballantine, 1961
  62. Species Gymnodinium cinctum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  63. Species Gymnodinium cnecoides T.M.Harris, 1940
  64. Species Gymnodinium cnodax Conrad & Kufferath, 1954
  65. Species Gymnodinium colymbeticum T.M.Harris, 1940
  66. Species Gymnodinium concavum Skvortsov, 1968
  67. Species Gymnodinium contractum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  68. Species Gymnodinium corii J.Schiller, 1928
  69. Species Gymnodinium corollarium A.M.Sundström, Kremp & Daugbjerg, 2009
  70. Species Gymnodinium corpusculum (Perty) W.S.Kent, 1881
  71. Species Gymnodinium costatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  72. Species Gymnodinium cruciatum J.Massart
  73. Species Gymnodinium cryophilum (G.J.Wedemayer, L.W.Wilcox & L.E.Graham) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000
  74. Species Gymnodinium cucumis Schütt, 1895
  75. Species Gymnodinium cyaneofungiforme Conrad & Kufferath, 1954
  76. Species Gymnodinium dabendorfense (G.Alberti) J.P.Bujak & E.H.Davies, 1983 †
  77. Species Gymnodinium danicans P.H.Campbell, 1973
  78. Species Gymnodinium danubiense J.Schiller, 1955
  79. Species Gymnodinium dentatum J.Larsen, 1994
  80. Species Gymnodinium depressum Skvortsov, 1968
  81. Species Gymnodinium devorans J.Schiller, 1955
  82. Species Gymnodinium diamphidium R.E.Norris, 1961
  83. Species Gymnodinium diploconus Schütt, 1895
  84. Species Gymnodinium discoidale T.M.Harris, 1940
  85. Species Gymnodinium dissimile Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  86. Species Gymnodinium dogielii Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  87. Species Gymnodinium doma Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  88. Species Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum (Hulbert, J.J.A.McLaughlin & Zahl) Shauna Murray, Salas & Hallegraeff, 2007
  89. Species Gymnodinium elongatum B.Hope, 1954
  90. Species Gymnodinium endofasciculum P.H.Campbell, 1973
  91. Species Gymnodinium enorme Ballantine, 1964
  92. Species Gymnodinium eucyaneum H.J.Hu, 1983
  93. Species Gymnodinium eufrigidum J.Schiller, 1955
  94. Species Gymnodinium eurytopum Skuja, 1948
  95. Species Gymnodinium exechegloutum R.E.Norris, 1961
  96. Species Gymnodinium filum Lebour, 1917
  97. Species Gymnodinium flavum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  98. Species Gymnodinium fontinale (C.E.M.Bicudo & Skvortsov) Moestrup, 2018
  99. Species Gymnodinium fossarum Conrad & Kufferath, 1954
  100. Species Gymnodinium frigidum Wolszynska, 1952
  101. Species Gymnodinium fukushimae Hada, 1966
  102. Species Gymnodinium fulgens Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  103. Species Gymnodinium fuscum (Ehrenberg) F.Stein, 1878
  104. Species Gymnodinium fusiforme Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  105. Species Gymnodinium fusus Schütt, 1896
  106. Species Gymnodinium galaeformis Matzenauer, 1933
  107. Species Gymnodinium galeaeforme Matzenauer, 1933
  108. Species Gymnodinium galeatum J.Larsen, 1994
  109. Species Gymnodinium galeiforme Okolodkov, 1997
  110. Species Gymnodinium galesianum P.H.Campbell, 1973
  111. Species Gymnodinium gelbum Kofoid, 1931
  112. Species Gymnodinium gibbera J.Schiller, 1928
  113. Species Gymnodinium glandiforme Conrad & Kufferath, 1954
  114. Species Gymnodinium gleba Schütt, 1895
  115. Species Gymnodinium gracilentum P.H.Campbell, 1973
  116. Species Gymnodinium grammaticum (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  117. Species Gymnodinium granii J.Schiller, 1955
  118. Species Gymnodinium guttiforme J.Larsen, 1994
  119. Species Gymnodinium guttula Balech, 1976
  120. Species Gymnodinium hamulus Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  121. Species Gymnodinium herbaceum Kofoid, 1921
  122. Species Gymnodinium heterostriatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  123. Species Gymnodinium hippocastanum Cridland, 1958
  124. Species Gymnodinium hiroshimaense Hada, 1968
  125. Species Gymnodinium huber-pestalozzii J.Schiller, 1955
  126. Species Gymnodinium hulburtii P.H.Campbell, 1973
  127. Species Gymnodinium hyalinum A.J.Schilling, 1891
  128. Species Gymnodinium hyperxanthoides (T.M.Harris) Moestrup, 2018
  129. Species Gymnodinium hyperxanthum (T.M.Harris) Moestrup, 2018
  130. Species Gymnodinium impatiens Skuja, 1964
  131. Species Gymnodinium impudicum (S.Fraga & I.Bravo) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000
  132. Species Gymnodinium incertum E.C.Herdman, 1924
  133. Species Gymnodinium incisum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  134. Species Gymnodinium incoloratum Conrad & Kufferath, 1954
  135. Species Gymnodinium inconstans van Meel, 1969
  136. Species Gymnodinium inerme (Schmarda) Kent, 1881
  137. Species Gymnodinium intercalare Bursa, 1961
  138. Species Gymnodinium intermedium Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  139. Species Gymnodinium inusitatum H.Gu, 2013
  140. Species Gymnodinium inversum Nygaard, 1929
  141. Species Gymnodinium irregulare B.Hope, 1954
  142. Species Gymnodinium irregulare Conrad & Kufferath, 1954
  143. Species Gymnodinium japonicum Hada, 1974
  144. Species Gymnodinium katodiniforme Elbrachter, 1979
  145. Species Gymnodinium kesslitzii (J.Schiller) Moestrup, 2018
  146. Species Gymnodinium kowalevskii Pitzik, 1967
  147. Species Gymnodinium lachmannii Kent, 1881
  148. Species Gymnodinium lackeyi Kiselev, 1954
  149. Species Gymnodinium lacustre J.Schiller, 1933
  150. Species Gymnodinium lalitae Shyam & Sarma, 1980
  151. Species Gymnodinium lanskoi Rouchijajnen, 1968
  152. Species Gymnodinium lantzschii Utermöhl, 1925
  153. Species Gymnodinium latum Skuja, 1948
  154. Species Gymnodinium lazulum Hulburt, 1957
  155. Species Gymnodinium legiconveniens J.Schiller, 1955
  156. Species Gymnodinium leptostauron Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  157. Species Gymnodinium leptum R.E.Norris, 1961
  158. Species Gymnodinium limitatum Skuja, 1956
  159. Species Gymnodinium limneticum Woloszynska, 1936
  160. Species Gymnodinium lineatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  161. Species Gymnodinium lineopunicum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  162. Species Gymnodinium litoralis A.Reñé, 2011
  163. Species Gymnodinium lividum Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  164. Species Gymnodinium lobularis P.H.Campbell, 1973
  165. Species Gymnodinium loburare P.H.Campbell, 1973
  166. Species Gymnodinium lucidum D.Ballantine, 1964
  167. Species Gymnodinium luteofaba Javornicky, 1965
  168. Species Gymnodinium luteo-viride van Meel, 1969
  169. Species Gymnodinium maguelonnense Biecheler, 1952
  170. Species Gymnodinium mammosum van Meel, 1969
  171. Species Gymnodinium marinum Kent, 1880
  172. Species Gymnodinium massarti J.Schiller, 1932
  173. Species Gymnodinium maximum Nordli, 1951
  174. Species Gymnodinium mazuricum (Javornicky) Moestrup, 2018
  175. Species Gymnodinium metum Hulburt, 1957
  176. Species Gymnodinium microreticulatum C.J.S.Bolch, Negri & G.M.Hallegraeff, 1999
  177. Species Gymnodinium minimum Lantzsch, 1914
  178. Species Gymnodinium minor Lebour, 1917
  179. Species Gymnodinium minus Lebour, 1917
  180. Species Gymnodinium minutulum J.Larsen, 1994
  181. Species Gymnodinium mirabile Penard, 1891
  182. Species Gymnodinium mirum Utermöhl, 1923
  183. Species Gymnodinium mitratum J.Schiller, 1933
  184. Species Gymnodinium modestum Balech, 1976
  185. Species Gymnodinium mucicola (W.Conrad) Moestrup, 2018
  186. Species Gymnodinium multilineatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  187. Species Gymnodinium multistriatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  188. Species Gymnodinium najadeum J.Schiller, 1928
  189. Species Gymnodinium nanum Schiller, 1928
  190. Species Gymnodinium neapolitanum J.Schiller, 1928
  191. Species Gymnodinium nolleri M.Ellegaard & Ø.Moestrup, 1999
  192. Species Gymnodinium nucaceum Okolodkov, 1997
  193. Species Gymnodinium obesum J.Schiller, 1932
  194. Species Gymnodinium obliquum Okolodkov, 1997
  195. Species Gymnodinium oceanicum Hasle, 1960
  196. Species Gymnodinium ochraceum Kofoid, 1931
  197. Species Gymnodinium octo J.Larsen, 1994
  198. Species Gymnodinium oligoplacatum Skuja, 1956
  199. Species Gymnodinium olivaceum Skvortsov, 1968
  200. Species Gymnodinium oppressum Conrad, 1926
  201. Species Gymnodinium opressum Conrad, 1926
  202. Species Gymnodinium ostenfeldii J.Schiller, 1928
  203. Species Gymnodinium ovatocapitatum Van Meel, 1969
  204. Species Gymnodinium ovoideum Okolodkov, 1997
  205. Species Gymnodinium ovulum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  206. Species Gymnodinium pallidum Skuja, 1939
  207. Species Gymnodinium palustre A.J.Schilling, 1891
  208. Species Gymnodinium palustriforme Gert Hansen & Flaim, 2007
  209. Species Gymnodinium paradoxiforme J.Schiller, 1955
  210. Species Gymnodinium paradoxum A.J.Schilling, 1891
  211. Species Gymnodinium partitum (Perty) Moestrup, 2018
  212. Species Gymnodinium parvum J.Larsen, 1994
  213. Species Gymnodinium patagonicum Balech, 1971
  214. Species Gymnodinium paulseinii Schiller
  215. Species Gymnodinium paulsenii J.Schiller, 1928
  216. Species Gymnodinium pavlae Popovsky, 1990
  217. Species Gymnodinium peisonis J.Schiller, 1955
  218. Species Gymnodinium perplexum van Meel, 1969
  219. Species Gymnodinium pingue van Meel, 1969
  220. Species Gymnodinium placidum E.C.Herdman, 1922
  221. Species Gymnodinium planctonicum Skvortsov, 1968
  222. Species Gymnodinium planum (Fott) Moestrup, 2018
  223. Species Gymnodinium plasticum N.Wang, Z.Luo, K.N.Mertens, F.M.G.McCarthy & H.Gu, 2017
  224. Species Gymnodinium poculiferum Skuja, 1956
  225. Species Gymnodinium polycomma J.Larsen, 1994
  226. Species Gymnodinium posthiemale J.Schiller, 1955
  227. Species Gymnodinium pratense (Baumeister) Moestrup, 2018
  228. Species Gymnodinium prolatum J.Larsen, 1994
  229. Species Gymnodinium pseudomirabile Gert Hansen & Flaim, 2007
  230. Species Gymnodinium pulchrum J.Schiller, 1928
  231. Species Gymnodinium pumilum J.Larsen, 1994
  232. Species Gymnodinium punctatum Pouchet, 1887
  233. Species Gymnodinium puniceum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  234. Species Gymnodinium purpureum Skuja, 1956
  235. Species Gymnodinium pusillum A.J.Schilling, 1891
  236. Species Gymnodinium pygmaeum Lebour, 1925
  237. Species Gymnodinium pyrenoidosum T.Horiguchi & Chihara, 1988
  238. Species Gymnodinium radiatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  239. Species Gymnodinium rarum Litvinenko, 1963
  240. Species Gymnodinium ravenescens Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  241. Species Gymnodinium regulare van Meel, 1969
  242. Species Gymnodinium rete Schutt, 1895
  243. Species Gymnodinium rhinophoron (Javornicky) Litvinenko, 1977
  244. Species Gymnodinium rhomboides Schütt, 1895
  245. Species Gymnodinium roseostigma P.H.Campbell, 1973
  246. Species Gymnodinium rubricauda Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  247. Species Gymnodinium rubrocinctum Lebour, 1925
  248. Species Gymnodinium rubrum Koifoid & Swezy, 1921
  249. Species Gymnodinium ruttneri (J.Schiller) Moestrup, 2018
  250. Species Gymnodinium saginatum T.M.Harris, 1940
  251. Species Gymnodinium sanctipaulense (C.E.M.Bicudo & Skvortsov) Moestrup, 2018
  252. Species Gymnodinium scaphium van Meel, 1969
  253. Species Gymnodinium schaefferi S.Morris, 1937
  254. Species Gymnodinium schilleri (Woloszynska) Moestrup, 2018
  255. Species Gymnodinium schuettii J.Schiller, 1955
  256. Species Gymnodinium scopulosum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  257. Species Gymnodinium semidivisum J.Schiller, 1928
  258. Species Gymnodinium servatum W.Busch, 1927
  259. Species Gymnodinium simile Skuja, 1956
  260. Species Gymnodinium sinuatum Skvortsov, 1968
  261. Species Gymnodinium situla Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  262. Species Gymnodinium skvortzovii J.Schiller, 1933
  263. Species Gymnodinium smaydae N.S.Kang, H.J.Jeong & Ø. Moestrup., 2014
  264. Species Gymnodinium soyai Hada, 1970
  265. Species Gymnodinium sphaericum (Calkins) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  266. Species Gymnodinium sphaeroideum Kofoid, 1931
  267. Species Gymnodinium sphagnicola (W.Conrad) Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  268. Species Gymnodinium spirodinioides Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  269. Species Gymnodinium stellatum Hulburt, 1957
  270. Species Gymnodinium striassimum Hulbert
  271. Species Gymnodinium subroseum P.H.Campbell, 1973
  272. Species Gymnodinium subrufescens G.W.Martin, 1929
  273. Species Gymnodinium suffuscum van Meel, 1969
  274. Species Gymnodinium sulcatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  275. Species Gymnodinium telma van Meel, 1969
  276. Species Gymnodinium terrum Baumeister, 1943
  277. Species Gymnodinium thomasii Christen, 1959
  278. Species Gymnodinium thompsonii Kiselev ex Moestrup & Calado, 1954
  279. Species Gymnodinium titubans Christen, 1958
  280. Species Gymnodinium translucens Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  281. Species Gymnodinium translucens P.H.Campbell, 1973
  282. Species Gymnodinium trapeziforme Attaran-Fariman & Bolch, 2007
  283. Species Gymnodinium triangularis Lebour, 1917
  284. Species Gymnodinium triceratium Skuja, 1939
  285. Species Gymnodinium tridentatum J.Schiller, 1933
  286. Species Gymnodinium tylotum Mapletoft, M.Montgomery, J.Waters & P.Wells, 1966
  287. Species Gymnodinium uberrimum (G.J.Allman) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  288. Species Gymnodinium undulatum Woloszynska, 1925
  289. Species Gymnodinium valdecompressum P.H.Campbell, 1973
  290. Species Gymnodinium variabile E.C.Herdman, 1924
  291. Species Gymnodinium varians Maskell, 1888
  292. Species Gymnodinium vas Van Meel, 1969
  293. Species Gymnodinium venator Flo Jørgensen & Murray, 2004
  294. Species Gymnodinium vernum Moestrup, 2018
  295. Species Gymnodinium verruculosum P.H.Campbell, 1973
  296. Species Gymnodinium vierae (Javornicky) Moestrup, 2018
  297. Species Gymnodinium violescens Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  298. Species Gymnodinium virescens Wood, 1963
  299. Species Gymnodinium viridaliut J.Schiller, 1955
  300. Species Gymnodinium viridans van Meel, 1969
  301. Species Gymnodinium viridescens Kofoid, 1931
  302. Species Gymnodinium voukii J.Schiller, 1928
  303. Species Gymnodinium waltzii Baumeister, 1957
  304. Species Gymnodinium wawrikae J.Schiller, 1955
  305. Species Gymnodinium wigrense Woloszynska, 1925
  306. Species Gymnodinium wilczekii Pouchet, 1894
  307. Species Gymnodinium wulffii J.Schiller, 1933
  308. Species Gymnodinium absumens J.Schiller, 1955 accepted as Gymnodinium albulum Er.Lindemann, 1928
  309. Species Gymnodinium achroum J.Schiller, 1955 accepted as Gymnodinium albulum Er.Lindemann, 1928
  310. Species Gymnodinium acidotum Nygaard, 1950 accepted as Nusuttodinium acidotum (Nygaard) Y.Takano & T.Horiguchi, 2014 (synonym)
  311. Species Gymnodinium acuminatum Christen, 1954 accepted as Biecheleria pseudopalustris (J.Schiller) Moestrup, K.Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2009
  312. Species Gymnodinium acutiusclum Okolodkov, 1997 accepted as Gymnodinium acutiusculum Okolodkov, 1997
  313. Species Gymnodinium aeruginosum F.Stein, 1883 accepted as Nusuttodinium aeruginosum (F.Stein) Y.Takano & T.Horiguchi, 2014
  314. Species Gymnodinium aesculum Baumeister, 1943 accepted as Biecheleria aesculus (Baumeister) Moestrup, 2018
  315. Species Gymnodinium affine Dogiel, 1906 accepted as Chytriodinium affine (Dogiel) Chatton, 1920
  316. Species Gymnodinium agile Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 accepted as Durinskia agilis (Kofoid & Swezy) Saburova, Chomérat & Hoppenrath, 2012 (synonym)
  317. Species Gymnodinium agile Herdman, 1922 accepted as Herdmania litoralis J.D.Dodge, 1981 (synonym)
  318. Species Gymnodinium alatum Litvienko, 1963 accepted as Tyrannodinium edax (A.J.Schilling) Calado, 2011 (synonym)
  319. Species Gymnodinium amphidinioides Geitler, 1924 accepted as Nusuttodinium amphidinioides (Geitler) Y.Takano & T.Horiguchi, 2014 (synonym)
  320. Species Gymnodinium archimedes Pouchet accepted as Gymnodinium archimedis Pouchet, 1883 accepted as Cochlodinium archimedes (Pouchet) Lemmermann, 1899 (misspelling)
  321. Species Gymnodinium archimedis Pouchet, 1883 accepted as Cochlodinium archimedes (Pouchet) Lemmermann, 1899 (synonym)
  322. Species Gymnodinium arenicolum Dragesco, 1965 accepted as Gymnodinium arenicola Dragesco, 1965
  323. Species Gymnodinium asymmetricum Massart, 1920 accepted as Katodinium asymmetricum (Massart) A.R.Loeblich, III, 1965 (synonym)
  324. Species Gymnodinium autumnale Christen, 1959 accepted as Gymnodinium leptostauron Moestrup & Calado, 2018 (synonym)
  325. Species Gymnodinium autumnale Skvortsov, 1968 accepted as Nusuttodinium aeruginosum (F.Stein) Y.Takano & T.Horiguchi, 2014
  326. Species Gymnodinium bei H.J.Spero, 1987 accepted as Pelagodinium bei (H.J.Spero) Siano, Montresor, Probert & Vargas, 2010 (deleted in Algaebase)
  327. Species Gymnodinium béii H.J.Spero, 1987 accepted as Pelagodinium bei (H.J.Spero) Siano, Montresor, Probert & Vargas, 2010
  328. Species Gymnodinium bisetosum Lindemann, 1928 accepted as Cystodinium cornifax (A.J.Schilling) G.A.Klebs, 1912
  329. Species Gymnodinium breve C.C.Davis, 1948 accepted as Karenia brevis (C.C.Davis) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000 (basionym)
  330. Species Gymnodinium brevis Davis, 1948 accepted as Karenia brevis (C.C.Davis) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000 (synonym)
  331. Species Gymnodinium brevisulcatum F.H.Chang, 1999 accepted as Karenia brevisulcata (F.H.Chang) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000 (basionym)
  332. Species Gymnodinium caerulescens J.Schiller, 1955 accepted as Nusuttodinium caerulescens (J.Schiller) Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  333. Species Gymnodinium campaniforme Popovsky, 1971 accepted as Nusuttodinium campaniforme (Popovsky) Moestrup & Calado, 2018 (synonym)
  334. Species Gymnodinium carinatum A.J.Schilling, 1891 accepted as Gymnodinium palustre A.J.Schilling, 1891 (synonym)
  335. Species Gymnodinium cestocoetes R.H.Thompson, 1947 accepted as Biecheleria cestocoetes (R.H.Thompson) Moestrup, 2018 (synonym)
  336. Species Gymnodinium chlorophorum Elbrächter & Schnepf, 1996 accepted as Lepidodinium chlorophorum (M.Elbrächter & E.Schnepf) Gert Hansen, Botes & Salas, 2007 (synonym)
  337. Species Gymnodinium christenianum A.E.Thessen, D.J.Patterson & S.A.Murray, 2012 accepted as Gymnodinium uberrimum (G.J.Allman) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  338. Species Gymnodinium cladochromum J. Larsen, 1996 accepted as Takayama cladochroma (J.Larsen) M.F.Salas, Bolch & Hallegraeff, 2003 (basionym)
  339. Species Gymnodinium coeruleum Dogiel, 1906 accepted as Balechina coerulea (Dogiel) F.J.R.Taylor, 1976 accepted as Cucumeridinium coeruleum (Dogiel) F.Gomez, P.López-García, H.Takayama & D.Moreira, 2015 (synonym)
  340. Species Gymnodinium coeruleum Antipova, 1955 accepted as Gyrodinium helveticum (Penard) Y.Takano & T.Horiguchi, 2004 (synonym)
  341. Species Gymnodinium conicum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 accepted as Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (Pouchet) J.Cachon & M.Cachon, 1968 (synonym)
  342. Species Gymnodinium constrictum Schütt accepted as Cochlodinium constrictum (Schütt) Lemmennann, 1899 (synonym)
  343. Species Gymnodinium cornutum Schütt, 1895 accepted as Gyrodinium schuettii (Lemmermann) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 (synonym)
  344. Species Gymnodinium coronatum Woloszynska, 1917 accepted as Tovellia coronata (Woloszynska) Moestrup, K.Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2005 (synonym)
  345. Species Gymnodinium crassum Pouchet, 1885 accepted as Gyrodinium crassum (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 (synonym)
  346. Species Gymnodinium cruciatum R.H.Thompson, 1950 accepted as Gymnodinium thompsonii Kiselev ex Moestrup & Calado, 1954 (synonym)
  347. Species Gymnodinium cyaneum H.J.Hu, M.Yu & X.Zhang, 1980 accepted as Nusuttodinium eucyaneum (H.J.Hu) Moestrup & Calado, 2018 (synonym)
  348. Species Gymnodinium cyaneum J.Schiller, 1955 accepted as Nusuttodinium cyaneum (J.Schiller) Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  349. Species Gymnodinium dimorphe Baumeister, 1938 accepted as Cystodinium dimorphe (Baumeister) Huber-Pestalozzi, 1950 (synonym)
  350. Species Gymnodinium dodgei R.Sarma & Y.S.R.K.Shyam, 1974 accepted as Tovellia dodgei (R.Sarma & Y.S.R.K.Shyam) K.N.Mertens & H.Gu, 2016
  351. Species Gymnodinium excavatum Nygaard, 1945 accepted as Biecheleria pseudopalustris (J.Schiller) Moestrup, K.Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2009
  352. Species Gymnodinium fissum Levander, 1894 accepted as Levanderina fissa (Levander) Moestrup, Hakanen, Gert Hansen, Daugbjerg & M.Ellegaard, 2014 (basionym)
  353. Species Gymnodinium frigidum Balech, 1965 accepted as Gymnodinium antarcticum A.E.Thessen, D.J.Patterson & S.A.Murray, 2012
  354. Species Gymnodinium frigidum Skvortsov, 1968 accepted as Gymnodinium chinensis A.E.Thessen, D.J.Patterson & S.A.Murray, 2012
  355. Species Gymnodinium fucorum Kuster, 1908 accepted as Crypthecodinium cohnii (Seligo) Javornicky, 1962 (synonym)
  356. Species Gymnodinium fungiforme Anisimova [Anissimowa], 1926 accepted as Katodinium fungiforme (Anissimova) Fott, 1957 accepted as Speroidium fungiforme (Anisimova) Moestrup & Calado, 2018 (synonym)
  357. Species Gymnodinium fungiforme Schiller, 1933 accepted as Speroidium fungiforme (Anisimova) Moestrup & Calado, 2018 (synonym)
  358. Species Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud, 1957 accepted as Karlodinium veneficum (D.Ballantine) J.Larsen, 2000 (synonym)
  359. Species Gymnodinium geminatum Schütt, 1895 accepted as Cochlodinium geminatum (Schütt) Schütt, 1896 accepted as Polykrikos geminatus (Schütt) D.Qiu & S.Lin, 2013 (synonym)
  360. Species Gymnodinium gessneri (Baumeister) Bourrelly, 1970 accepted as Gymnodinium fuscum (Ehrenberg) F.Stein, 1878
  361. Species Gymnodinium glandula Lebour, 1925 accepted as Katodinium glandulum (Herdman) Loeblich III, 1965 accepted as Aduncodinium glandula (E.C.Herdman) N.S.Kang, H.J.Jeong & Moestrup, 2015 (synonym)
  362. Species Gymnodinium glandula Herdman, 1924 accepted as Katodinium glandulum (Herdman) Loeblich III, 1965 accepted as Aduncodinium glandula (E.C.Herdman) N.S.Kang, H.J.Jeong & Moestrup, 2015 (synonym)
  363. Species Gymnodinium glaucum Conrad, 1926 accepted as Amphidinium conradii J.Schiller, 1932 (synonym)
  364. Species Gymnodinium gracile Bergh, 1882 accepted as Balechina gracilis (Bergh) F.Gómez, Artigas & Gast, 2021
  365. Species Gymnodinium halophilum Biecheler, 1952 accepted as Biecheleria halophila (Biecheler) Moestrup, Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2009
  366. Species Gymnodinium helix Pouchet, 1887 accepted as Cochlodinium helix (Pouchet) Lemmermann, 1899 (synonym)
  367. Species Gymnodinium helix Schütt, 1895 accepted as Cochlodinium helix (Pouchet) Lemmermann, 1899 (synonym)
  368. Species Gymnodinium helveticum Penard, 1891 accepted as Gyrodinium helveticum (Penard) Y.Takano & T.Horiguchi, 2004
  369. Species Gymnodinium hiemale Woloszynska, 1917 accepted as Jadwigia hiemalis (Woloszynska) Moestrup, 2018
  370. Species Gymnodinium hiemale (J.Schiller) Popovsky, 1990 accepted as Nusuttodinium hiemale (J.Schiller) Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  371. Species Gymnodinium hiemale Skvortsov, 1927 accepted as Jadwigia neglecta (A.J.Schilling) Moestrup, 2018 (synonym)
  372. Species Gymnodinium impar T.M.Harris, 1939 accepted as Gymnodinium triceratium Skuja, 1939 (synonym)
  373. Species Gymnodinium indicum R.Shyam & Y.S.R.K.Sarma, 1980 accepted as Nusuttodinium indicum (R.Shyam & Y.S.R.K.Sarma) Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  374. Species Gymnodinium instriatum (Freudenthal & J.J.Lee) D.W.Coats, 2002 accepted as Levanderina fissa (Levander) Moestrup, Hakanen, Gert Hansen, Daugbjerg & M.Ellegaard, 2014
  375. Species Gymnodinium irregulare Christen, 1959 accepted as Gymnodinium uberrimum (G.J.Allman) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
  376. Species Gymnodinium klebsii Er.Lindemann, 1928 accepted as Hypnodinium sphaericum G.A.Klebs, 1912
  377. Species Gymnodinium knollii J.Schiller, 1955 accepted as Gymnodinium albulum Er.Lindemann, 1928
  378. Species Gymnodinium lebourae Pavillard, 1921 accepted as Gymnodinium lebouriae Pavillard, 1921 accepted as Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (Pouchet) J.Cachon & M.Cachon, 1968 (misspelling)
  379. Species Gymnodinium lebouriae Pavillard, 1921 accepted as Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (Pouchet) J.Cachon & M.Cachon, 1968
  380. Species Gymnodinium leopoliense Woloszynska, 1917 accepted as Tovellia leopoliensis (Woloszynska) Moestrup, K.Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2005 (synonym)
  381. Species Gymnodinium leopoliensis Woloszynska, 1917 accepted as Woloszynskia leopoliensis (Woloszynska) R.H.Thompson, 1951 accepted as Tovellia leopoliensis (Woloszynska) Moestrup, K.Lindberg & Daugbjerg, 2005 (synonym)
  382. Species Gymnodinium limneticum J.B.Lackey, 1936 accepted as Nusuttodinium limneticum Moestrup & Calado, 2018
  383. Species Gymnodinium linucheae R.V.Trench & L.-V.Thinh, 1995 accepted as Symbiodinium linucheae (Trench & Thinh) T.C.LaJenesse, 2001
  384. Species Gymnodinium lira Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 accepted as Cucumeridinium lira (Kofoid & Swezy) F.Gómez, P. López-García, H.Takayama & D.Moreira, 2015
  385. Species Gymnodinium lohmannii Paulsen, 1908 accepted as Gymnodinium gracile Bergh, 1882 accepted as Balechina gracilis (Bergh) F.Gómez, Artigas & Gast, 2021 (synonym)
  386. Species Gymnodinium lunula Schütt, 1895 accepted as Pyrocystis lunula (Schütt) Schütt, 1896 (synonym)
  387. Species Gymnodinium luridum Deflandre, 1938 † accepted as Tubotuberella lurida (Deflandre) Davies, 1983 †
  388. Species Gymnodinium macronucleum Litvinenko, 1963 accepted as Gymnodinium lantzschii Utermöhl, 1925 (synonym)
  389. Species Gymnodinium manchuriense Thessen, D.J.Patterson & Shauna Murray, 2012 accepted as Nusuttodinium aeruginosum (F.Stein) Y.Takano & T.Horiguchi, 2014
  390. Species Gymnodinium marylandicum R.H.Thompson, 1947 accepted as Borghiella marylandica (R.H.Thompson) Moestrup, 2018
  391. Species Gymnodinium microadriaticum (Freudenthal) F.J.R.Taylor, 1971 accepted as Symbiodinium microadriaticum LaJeunesse, 2017 (synonym)
  392. Species Gymnodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) Loeblich III, 1970 accepted as Karlodinium veneficum (D.Ballantine) J.Larsen, 2000 (synonym)
  393. Species Gymnodinium mikimotoi Miyake & Kominami ex Oda, 1935 accepted as Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000 (synonym)
  394. Species Gymnodinium minimum Klebs, 1912 accepted as Gymnodinium varians Maskell, 1888 (synonym)
  395. Species Gymnodinium minutum Lebour, 1925 accepted as Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann) Gert Hansen, 1995 (synonym)
  396. Species Gymnodinium monadicum (Deising) W.S.Kent, 1881 accepted as Gymnodinium partitum (Perty) Moestrup, 2018
  397. Species Gymnodinium musei Danysz, 1886 accepted as Opisthoaulax musei (Danysz) Calado, 2011 (synonym)
  398. Species Gymnodinium musei Danysz, 1887 accepted as Katodinium musei (Danysz) Fott, 1957 accepted as Opisthoaulax musei (Danysz) Calado, 2011 (synonym)
  399. Species Gymnodinium myriopyrenoides H.Yamaguchi, T.Nakayama, A.Kai & I.Inouye, 2011 accepted as Nusuttodinium myriopyrenoides (H.Yamaguchi, T.Nakayama, A.Kai & I.Inouye) Y.Takano & H.Yamaguichi, 2014
  400. Species Gymnodinium nagasakiense H.Takayama & M.Adachi, 1985 accepted as Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000 (synonym)
  401. Species Gymnodinium natalense T.Horiguchi & R.N.Pienaar, 1994 accepted as Ansanella natalensis (T.Horiguchi & R.N.Pienaar) Dawut, Sym & T.Horiguchi, 2018
  402. Species Gymnodinium neglectum (A.J.Schilling) Er.Lindemann, 1928 accepted as Jadwigia neglecta (A.J.Schilling) Moestrup, 2018 (synonym)
  403. Species Gymnodinium nelsonii G.W.Martin, 1929 accepted as Akashiwo sanguinea (K.Hirasaka) Gert Hansen & Moestrup, 2000 (synonym)
  404. Species Gymnodinium novaculosum Baumeister, 1939 accepted as Cystodinium cornifax (A.J.Schilling) G.A.Klebs, 1912
  405. Species Gymnodinium nygaardii Christen, 1958 accepted as Tovellia nygaardii Moestrup, K.Lindberg & Daugberg, 2008 (synonym)
  406. Species Gymnodinium opimum Schütt, 1895 accepted as Gyrodinium opimum (Schütt) Lebour, 1925 (synonym)
  407. Species Gymnodinium ordinatum Skuja, 1939 (unaccepted, synonym)
  408. Species Gymnodinium ovato-capitatum van Meel, 1969 (unaccepted)
  409. Species Gymnodinium ovatum Gourret (unaccepted, synonym)
  410. Species Gymnodinium ovum Schütt (unaccepted, synonym)
  411. Species Gymnodinium pachydermatum Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 (unaccepted)
  412. Species Gymnodinium parasiticum Dogiel, 1906 (unaccepted)
  413. Species Gymnodinium parvulum Schütt, 1895 (unaccepted)
  414. Species Gymnodinium pascheri (Suchlandt) Schiller, 1954 (unaccepted, synonym)
  415. Species Gymnodinium p-dohrnii Wawrick, 1956 (unaccepted, synonym)
  416. Species Gymnodinium pellucidum Wulff, 1916 (unaccepted, synonym)
  417. Species Gymnodinium pellucidum (E.C.Herdman) Flø Jørgensen & Shauna Murray, 2004 (unaccepted, synonym)
  418. Species Gymnodinium pigmentosum (Dodge) Loeblich, 1970 (unaccepted, synonym)
  419. Species Gymnodinium pirum Schütt, 1895 (unaccepted, synonym)
  420. Species Gymnodinium polonicum (Woloszynska) Woloszynska, 1917 (unaccepted, synonym)
  421. Species Gymnodinium polyphemus Pouchet (unaccepted, synonym)
  422. Species Gymnodinium pouchetii Lemmermann, 1899 (unaccepted)
  423. Species Gymnodinium profundum J.Schiller, 1932 (unaccepted, synonym)
  424. Species Gymnodinium pseudonoctiluca Pouchet, 1885 (unaccepted, synonym)
  425. Species Gymnodinium pseudopalustre J.Schiller, 1932 (unaccepted, synonym)
  426. Species Gymnodinium pulchellum J.Larsen, 1994 (unaccepted, synonym)
  427. Species Gymnodinium pulvisculus Klebs, 1912 (unaccepted)
  428. Species Gymnodinium pulvisculus Pouchet, 1885 (unaccepted, synonym)
  429. Species Gymnodinium pyrocystis Jørgensen, 1912 (unaccepted, synonym)
  430. Species Gymnodinium quadrilobatum T.Horiguchi & R.N.Pienaar, 1994 (unaccepted > superseded combination)
  431. Species Gymnodinium roseolum (Schmarda) Stein, 1878 (unaccepted)
  432. Species Gymnodinium roseum Lohmann, 1908 (unaccepted, synonym)
  433. Species Gymnodinium roseum Dogiel, 1906 (unaccepted)
  434. Species Gymnodinium rotundatum Klebs, 1912 (unaccepted, basionym)
  435. Species Gymnodinium rufescens (Penard) Lemmermann, 1910 (unaccepted, synonym)
  436. Species Gymnodinium sangineum Hirasaka, 1924 (unaccepted)
  437. Species Gymnodinium sanguineum K.Hirasaka, 1922 (unaccepted, synonym)
  438. Species Gymnodinium simplex (Lohmann) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 (unaccepted)
  439. Species Gymnodinium spirale Bergh, 1882 (unaccepted, synonym)
  440. Species Gymnodinium splendens Lebour, 1925 (unaccepted, basionym)
  441. Species Gymnodinium stagnale J.Schiller, 1955 (unaccepted, synonym)
  442. Species Gymnodinium steinii (G.A.Klebs) Lindemann, 1928 (unaccepted)
  443. Species Gymnodinium stigmaticum Er.Lindemann, 1928 (unaccepted)
  444. Species Gymnodinium strangulatum F.Schütt, 1895 (unaccepted, synonym)
  445. Species Gymnodinium striatissimum E.M.Hulburt, 1957 (unaccepted, synonym)
  446. Species Gymnodinium submontanum J.Schiller, 1955 (unaccepted)
  447. Species Gymnodinium sugashimanii J.Cachon, H.Saton, M.Cachon & S.Sato, 1989 (unaccepted, synonym)
  448. Species Gymnodinium tatricum Wołoszyńska, 1919 (unaccepted)
  449. Species Gymnodinium tenuissimum Lauterborn, 1894 (unaccepted)
  450. Species Gymnodinium teredo Pouchet, 1885 (unaccepted, synonym)
  451. Species Gymnodinium tintinnicola Lohmann, 1908 (unaccepted)
  452. Species Gymnodinium uncatenatum (Hulburt) Hallegraeff, 2002 (unaccepted, synonym)
  453. Species Gymnodinium unicorne (G.A.Klebs) Er.Lindemann, 1928 (unaccepted, synonym)
  454. Species Gymnodinium veneficum D.Ballantine, 1956 (unaccepted, synonym)
  455. Species Gymnodinium veris Er.Lindemann, 1925 (unaccepted, synonym)
  456. Species Gymnodinium vernale Skvortsov, 1968 (unaccepted)
  457. Species Gymnodinium vestifici Schütt, 1895 (unaccepted)
  458. Species Gymnodinium viride Lebour, 1917 (unaccepted, synonym)
  459. Species Gymnodinium viride Penard, 1891 (unaccepted)
  460. Species Gymnodinium viridis Lebour, 1917 (unaccepted, synonym)
  461. Species Gymnodinium vitiligo D.Ballantine, 1956 (unaccepted, synonym)
  462. Species Gymnodinium vorticella F.Stein, 1883 (unaccepted, synonym)
  463. Species Gymnodinium woloszynskae Pascher, 1923 (unaccepted, synonym)
  464. Species Gymnodinium zachariasii Lemmermann, 1900 (unaccepted)
  465. Species Gymnodinium aestivale Skvortsov, 1968 (uncertain)
  466. Species Gymnodinium deformabile J.Schiller, 1955 (uncertain)
  467. Species Gymnodinium elongatum (J.Schiller) Moestrup & Calado, 2018 (uncertain, uncertain taxonomic status subjected to verification)
  468. Species Gymnodinium excavatum Van Meel, 1969 (uncertain)
  469. Species Gymnodinium falcatum V.G.Madhav & B.Kondalarao, 2004 (uncertain > unassessed)
  470. Species Gymnodinium glaucum J.Schiller, 1955 (uncertain)
  471. Species Gymnodinium lens Fott, 1957 (uncertain, synonym)
  472. Species Gymnodinium meervallii Redeke, 1919 (uncertain)
  473. Species Gymnodinium radiatum (Javornicky) Moestrup & Calado, 2018 (uncertain, uncertain taxonomic status subjected to verification)
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Not documented
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:6790  
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:6790 [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Gymnodinium F.Stein, 1878. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2024-05-23
Date
action
by
2004-12-21 15:54:05Z
created
db_admin
2006-07-12 06:39:56Z
changed
Camba Reu, Cibran
2010-08-12 12:41:00Z
changed
2019-09-06 07:43:12Z
changed
2024-02-21 07:10:53Z
changed

Creative Commons License The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License


basis of record Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details]  OpenAccess publication 

additional source Kofoid, C.A.; Swezy, O. (1921). The free-living unarmored Dinoflagellata. <em>Memoirs of the University of California.</em> 5: i-viii, 1-562., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20306447 [details]  OpenAccess publication 

additional source Steidinger, K.A.; Tangen, K. (1997). Dinoflagellates. pp. 387-584. In: C.R. Tomas (ed.) (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126930184500057 [details]   

additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]   

additional source Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online at http://www.itis.gov [details]   

additional source Hayward, P. J.; Nelson-Smith, A.; Shields, C. (1996). Collins pocket guide: sea shore of Britain and Europe. <em>Collins pocket guides. Harper-Collins Publishers: London, UK. ISBN 0-00-219955-6.</em> 352 pp. (look up in IMIS[details]   

additional source Parker, S.P. (Ed.) (1982). Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw Hill Book Company: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-07-079031-0. 1166, 1232 pp. (look up in IMIS[details]   
 
 Present  Inaccurate  Introduced: alien  Containing type locality 
   

From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:6790 [details]

From other sources
Classification This genus was originally placed under the family Gymnodiniidae as proposed by Hayward and Ryland (1990). [details]

Diet general for group: both heterotrophic (eat other organisms) and autotrophic (photosynthetic) [details]

Ecology Blooms of this genus were recorded as early as 1937 in the Oslo Fjord (Braarud, 1945) an have occured more recently as G. sanguinum with concentrations up to 35 106 ind/l. [details]

Habitat pelagic [details]

Importance General: known for producing dangerous toxins, particularly when in large numbers, called "red tides" because the cells are so abundant they make water change color. Also they can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in predators (particularly shellfish) that may be eaten by humans. [details]

Predators marine microorganisms and animal larvae [details]

Reproduction general for group: both sexual and asexual [details]
    Definitions

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LanguageName 
Japanese ギムノディニウム属  [details]
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