BIOMARE PRIMARY SITES: DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE FORM

Proposer:

Name: Richard M. Warwick

e-mail address: rmw@pml.ac.uk

Proposed Primary Site: The Isles of Scilly Archipelago, SW England

PRISTINESS: Primary sites should be as free as possible from anthropogenic stressors, and natural stressors atypical of the region (e.g. reduced salinity, high turbidity).

List potential sources of pollution that are likely to impinge on the site:-

Industrial pollution: None

Agricultural pollution: The main agriculture of the Islands is the production of early flowers and bulbs, mainly daffodils, and early potatoes. This is a result of the exceptionally mild climate compared with mainland Britain. Nitrates are no longer used as fertilisers and the use of eelworm killers (for the daffodil bulbs) has been banned. Potentially harmful runoff from the fields is therefore negligible. There are no slaughterhouses, and the few sheep and cattle present are taken to the mainland for slaughter.

Mining: None

Dumping: None

Dredging: None

What is the human population of the site in total and per unit area? What is the average population growth per year?

The current population is 2057 and this remains more of less static. There are currently 40 less people than in 1911. It is difficult to calculate this in terms of unit area since the archipelago comprises five inhabited islands and more than 300 other uninhabited islands islets and rocks. The total area delimited by these islands is approximately 95 km2, giving a population density of 21.7 people.km2, although much of this area is shallow sea!

How is sewage disposed of? If possible give an estimate of the quantity and quality of the output.

There are two main clusters of population on the main island of St. Mary’s, at Hugh Town and Old Town. The sewage from Old Town is fully treated by an Accelerated Aerobic Digestion Plant ("Biobubble") which includes UV treatment, and the output (said to be drinkable) reaches the sea via a small stream. The product of septic tanks from outlying habitations is pumped out and passes through this treatment system. However, the output from the largest town, Hugh Town, reaches the sea via a main sewer serving about 1000 people, and is untreated. It empties via a long-sea outfall at Morning Point on the Garrison, positioned such that currents immediately take it away from the islands, its next landfall being the USA! Dispersal is facilitated by the presence of strong tidal jets that propagate in a clockwise direction round the islands, with a peak current flow of 175 cm s-1, see:

PINGREE, R.D.; MARDELL, G.T. 1986 Coastal tidal jets and tidal fringe development around the Isles of Scilly. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 23, 581-594.

Plans to build another Accelerated Aerobic Digestion Plant to process this effluent are in an advanced stage. The four inhabited off-islands with a much lower population also have primary sewage treatment. Tests for the presence of E. coli in coastal waters of St Mary’s have been undertaken sporadically, but have never had a positive result.

Describe the extent of commercial fishing in the area. Please specify the kinds of gear used (trawling, seine netting, lobster pots etc.)

There are 30 registered shellfish boats, potting or using large mesh (12.5 inch) fixed nets for crabs and lobsters, employing about 50 persons in catching and processing. There is only one small (8m) trawler. There is no scallop dredging. The Isles of Scilly Sea Fisheries Regulation Act of 1966 prohibits the use of vessels exceeding 10 tonnes gross tonnage or 11 metres overall length for the removal of fish from within the Isles of Scilly Fisheries District, the jurisdiction of which is 6 miles round the Islands. The measure is designed to ease the potential increased effort on local fish stocks from large, highly efficient vessels, and is strictly enforced.

Give an account of tourist activities in the area (how many tourists per year; what do they do?).

The Isles of Scilly Council issues a Report of annual transport figures, which suggest that the total number of tourists visiting the islands has been relatively constant over the last five years, and in 2000 the figure was 111,935. Lengths of stay vary from day-trips to several weeks. The Report concludes that the implications in terms of environmental impact were "none". Tourists mainly come to the islands to enjoy the pristine scenic environment, and fall into the category of "eco-tourists". Bird watching (especially during the autumn migration), scuba-diving, walking and sailing are popular activities.

Provide evidence that there are no natural stressors such as high turbidity or reduced salinity that are atypical of the region.

"Predominantly west-to-east ocean currents and an almost total lack of freshwater runoff results in uniform salinity and low turbidity; the alga Laminaria ochroleuca, which occurs in dense stands, has been recorded at depths of up to 30m". This is a direct quotation from "Marine Nature Conservation Review: benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic". Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 1998, Chapter 8.5.

Give references to any chemical or physical data that support the claim that this is a pristine site.

BRYAN, G.W.; GIBBS, P.E.; BURT, G.R.; HUMMERSTONE, L.G. 1987 The effects of tributyltin (TBT) accumulation on adult dog-whelks, Nucella lapillus: long-term field and laboratory experiments. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 525-544.

[Southwest England and Isles of Scilly]

CRUMPTON, C.A.; GOODWIN, M.J. 1996 Marine aggregate extraction, dredging and solid waste disposal at sea. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.223-227. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

CRUMPTON, C.A.; GOODWIN, M.J. 1996 Water quality and effluent discharges. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.231-236. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

GIBBS, P.E.; BRYAN, G.W.; PASCOE, P.L.; BURT, G.R. 1987 The use of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, as an indicator of tributyltin (TBT) contamination. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 507-523.

[Southwest England and Isles of Scilly]

LEONARD, K.S.; MCCUBBIN, D.; MCMAHON, C.A.; MITCHELL, P.I.; BONFIELD, R. 1998 137Cs/90Sr ratios in the Irish Sea and adjacent waters: a source term for the Arctic. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 75(1-4), 207-212.

PARR, W.; CLARKE, S.J.; DIJK, P. VAN; MORGAN, N. 1998 Turbidity in English and Welsh tidal waters. 116p. English Nature. (CO 4301/1)

POLLARD, S.; PARR, J., COMPILERS. 1996 Beachwatch 96: 1996 nationwide beach-clean and survey report. 89p. Ross-on-Wye: Marine Conservation Society.

WEBB, J.E. 1991 Hydrodynamics, organisms and pollution of coastal sands. Ocean and Shoreline Management, 16(1), 23-51.

 

HABITATS: The site should comprise a mosaic of habitats in a well-defined area that are representative of the region.

"Habitat diversity within the archipelago is high, and many sites have a complex array of habitat types in a small area. Wave exposure varies from extremely exposed to very sheltered, often within a short distance. It is this complex array of habitat types, wave exposure and the associated communities which is of significant marine biological importance" (direct quotation from "Marine Nature Conservation Review: benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic". Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 1998, Chapter 8.5).

List the range of habitats present at the site:-

Littoral

Rock: Rocky shores are extensive and "reefs" are a designated habitat for the Isles of Scilly Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the EC Habitats and Species Directive (NATURA 2000). A review of rock shores is given by:

HISCOCK, K. 1984 Rocky shore surveys of the Isles of Scilly, March 27th to April 1st 1983 and July 7th to 15th 1983. Vol. 1. Survey report. 104p. Pembroke: Orielton Field Centre, Oil Pollution Research Unit. (Unpublished NCC contract report)

Nine different rocky-shore types were identified, ranging from those exposed to very severe wave action to very sheltered shores. A total of 128 algal, 13 lichen and 237 macroscopic animal species were identified from the rocky shores.

There are also extensive intertidal-boulder fields, see:

FOSTER-SMITH, R.L. 1990 A boulder survey in the Isles of Scilly, September 5th to 9th, 1990. [27p.]. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 1226)

Sand: Intertidal sand-flats and sand beaches are also extensive and a designated habitat for the Isles of Scilly SAC. Many communities inhabiting these sands are very rich and diverse, see:

HOLME, N.A. 1983 Report on certain sediment shores in the Isles of Scilly. A report to the Nature Conservancy Council. [43p.]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. (Unpublished Nature Conservancy Council contract report)

NICHOLS, D.; HARRIS, T. 1982 A survey of the low tide flats of the Isles of Scilly. 79p. Nature Conservancy Council.

The most extensive area is St Martin’s Flats, designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1996.

Mud: There are no intertidal mudflats. The general lack of fine sediment results from the fact that the Scilly is composed entirely of hard granitic rock and there are no river outflows to the sea. In sheltered places there are, however, some areas of very fine sand characterised by the presence of Arenicola marina.

Sublittoral

Rock: Sublittoral rocky habitats are extensive, and designated as part of the "reef" habitat for the Isles of Scilly SAC. They range from extremely exposed to very sheltered, and clear water results in extensive kelp forests. Many nationally rare and nationally scarce species of algae and macro-invertebrates have been recorded from this habitat. Communities of these habitats have been monitored since 1988. Some key references include:

DIPPER, F. 1981 Sublittoral survey of the Scilly Isles and south Cornwall. [64p.]. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council.

DIPPER, F.A. 1981 Sublittoral survey of the Scilly Isles and south Cornwall. Underwater Conservation Society expeditions, July 4th to 11th and 11th to 18th 1980; with assistance from the Nature Conservancy Council. [67p.]. London: Underwater Conservation Society.

FOWLER, S.L. 1990 Sublittoral monitoring in the Isles of Scilly 1987-1988. English Natrue Research Report, (28), 23p. +appendix.

FOWLER, S.L. 1992 Marine monitoring in the Isles of Scilly. English Nature Research Reports, (9), 31p.

FOWLER, S.L.; PILLEY, G.M. 1991 Report on the Lundy and Isles of Scilly marine monitoring programmes 1984 to 1991. English Nature Research Reports, (10), vi,[178p.].

FOWLER, S.; LAFFOLEY, D. 1993 Stability in Mediterranean-Atlantic sessile epifaunal communities at the northern limits of their range. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 172(1/2), 109-127.

HISCOCK, K. 1984 Sublittoral survey of the Isles of Scilly, July 2nd to 16th, 1983.

Vol. 1. Survey report. ii,96p. Pembroke: Orielton Field Centre, Oil Pollution Research Unit. (Unpublished NCC CSD Report No. 529)

IRVING, R. 1987 Sublittoral monitoring in the Isles of Scilly, 1985 and 1986. [73p.]. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 823)

Sand: Sublittoral sediments range from coarse sand and gravel to fine sand to muddy gravel, and are again a designated habitat ("sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time") for the SAC, and a number of rare species occur in the sediments, see:

ROSTRON, D. 1983 Animal communities from sublittoral sediments in the Isles of Scilly, July 1983. 36p. Pembroke: Orielton Field Centre, Oil Pollution Research Unit. (Unpublished N.C.C. contract report)

ROSTRON, D.M. 1988 Animal communities from sublittoral sediments in the Isles of Scilly. September 1988. Volume 1. 61p. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 918)

Mud: There are no purely muddy sublittoral sediments (see above section for littoral muds), but mixed sediments of muddy gravel do occur along the eastern margin of the archipelago.

Seagrass beds: Beds of Zostera marina are extensive, the largest in southern Britain, and have a particularly interesting fauna and flora, see:

BOWDEN, D.A.; ROWDEN, A.A.; ATTRILL, M.J. 2001 Effect of patch size and in-patch location on the infaunal macroinvertebrate assemblages of Zostera marina seagrass beds. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(2), 133-154.

FOWLER, S. 1990 Marine nature conservation importance of the Isles of Scilly. Porcupine Newsletter, 4(8), 182-183.

HISCOCK, S. 1987 A brief account of the algal flora of Zostera marina beds in the Isles of Scilly. In: Irving, R., editor. Sublittoral monitoring in the Isles of Scilly, 1985 and 1986. Appendix 4, 20p. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 823)

How representative is this site of its region (i.e. what regional habitats are missing)?

All habitats within the region of SW England are present, except for pure muddy intertidal and subtidal sediments. However, in SW Britain such sediments are usually associated with estuaries, which are in turn associated with high turbidity and low salinity which are considered undesirable features for a primary BIOMARE site typifying the region.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: The site should already be well-studied (i.e. biodiversity studies should not rely entirely on new research).

For what groups of organisms are comprehensive inventories available? Please list major taxa in each category below, and list publications.

Vertebrates:

PENHALLURICK, R. 1977 Birds of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. 350p. Penzance: Headland Publications.

PENHALLURICK, R.D. 1969 Birds of the Cornish coast, including the Isles of Scilly. 200p. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.

PENHALLURICK, R.D. 1990 Turtles off Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and Devonshire. 95p. Truro, Cornwall: Dyllansow Pengwella.

 

Macrobenthos:

HARRIS, T. 1972 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly: Polychaeta. Journal of Natural History, 6, 93-117.

HAYWARD, P.J. 1971 The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly, Bryozoa and Entoprocta. Journal of Natural History, 5, 481-490.

HAYWARD, P.J. 1976 The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly: Bryozoa II. Journal of Natural History, 10, 319-330.

KING, P.E. 1972 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Pycnogonida. Journal of Natural History, 6, 621-624.

NEWELL, C.R. 1986 The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly: some marine digeneans from invertebrate hosts. Journal of Natural History, 20, 71-77.

ROBINS, M.V. 1969 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Journal of Natural History, 3, 320-343.

ROWE, F.W.E. 1971 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Echinodermata. Journal of Natural History, 5, 233-238.

ROWE, F.W.E. 1972 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Enteropneusta, Ascidiacea, Thalacea, Larvacea and Cephalochordata. Journal of Natural History, 6,207-213.

THURSTON, M.W. 1970 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Crustacea, Eucarida. Journal of Natural History, 4, 239-248.

TURK, S.M.; SEAWARD, D.R. 1997 The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly - Mollusca. Journal of Natural History, 31(4), 555-633.

 

Meiobenthos:

HUMMON, W.D.; WARWICK, R.M. 1990 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly - Gastrotricha. Journal of Natural History, 24(2), 519-525.

KING, P.E.; FORDY, M.R.; MORGAN, C.I. 1981 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly - Tardigrada. Journal of Natural History, 15, 145-150.

NEALE, J.W. 1970 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly: Crustacea, Ostracoda. Journal of Natural History, 4, 399-411.

PUGH, P.J.A. 1988 The shore-dwelling Acari of the Isles of Scilly and the South West Peninsula. Journal of Natural History, 22, 931-948.

WARWICK, R.M.; COLES, J.W. 1977 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly, free-living Nematoda. Journal of Natural History, 11, 393-407.

WELLS, J.B.J. 1970 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida. Journal of Natural History, 4, 255-268.

Microbenthos:

ATKINSON, K. 1970 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly : Foraminifera. Journal of Natural History, 4, 387-398.

 

Zooplankton:

MAKINGS, P. 1987 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly: Mysidacea. Journal of Natural History, 21, 757-762.

ROBINS, M.V. 1969 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Journal of Natural History, 3, 320-343.

ROWE, F.W.E. 1972 The marine flora and fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Enteropneusta, Ascidiacea, Thalacea, Larvacea and Cephalochordata. Journal of Natural History, 6,207-213.

Phytobenthos:

RUSSELL, G. 1968 List of marine algae from the Isles of Scilly. British Phycological Bulletin, 3, 579-584.

Phytoplankton:

SIMS, P.A., EDITOR. 1996 An atlas of British diatoms. 601p. Biopress Limited.

List any other publications relating specifically to the biodiversity or environment at the site.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PROTECTION OF THE SEA (ACOPS). 2000 Oil pollution survey around the coasts of the United Kingdom 1999. 59p. London: ACOPS.

ATKINSON, M.; BENNALLICK, I.; HOLYOAK, D.; LORD, D,.; MCCARTNEY, P., EDITORS. 2000 A handbook for biological recorders. A manual for recording plants, animals and their habitats in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Loose leaf. Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.

BACON, S. 1987 Waves recorded west of the Scilly Isles 1979-1986. Report. Institute of Oceanographic Science, Deacon Laboratory, (246), 64p.

BACON, S.; CARTER, D.J.T. 1989 Waves recorded at Seven Stones Light Vessel 1962-86.

Report. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Deacon Laboratory, (268), 94p.

BAMBER, R.N.; BARNES, R.S.K. 1996 Coastal lagoons. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.52-53. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

BARNE, J.H.; ROBSON, C.F.; KAZNOWSKA, S.S.; DOODY, J.P.; DAVIDSON, N.C.; BUCK, A.L., EDITORS. 1996 Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. 262p. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

BISHOP, G.M. 1985 Study of Echinus esculentus L. populations in the Isles of Scilly, October 1984. iii,[24p.]. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 614)

BISHOP, G.M. 1985 Aspects of the reproductive ecology of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L. xix,255p. University of Exeter. (Thesis) [Isles of Scilly; Lamorna; Plymouth; Skomer; Sherkin; Loch Sween; Cumbrae; St Abb's; Summer Isles; Sullom Voe]

BISHOP, G.M. 1986 Study of Echinus esculentus L. populations in the Isles of Scilly, September 1986. 42p. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 700)

BISHOP, G.[M.]. 1986 Study of Echinus esculentus populations in the Isles of Scilly, September 1985. iii,27p. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 616)

BLACKER, R.W. 1981 Recent occurrences of blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, and Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii, in the English Channel and southern North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 307-313. [including Scilly Isles and Plymouth]

BLUNDEN, G.; GORDON, S.M.; KEYSELL, G.R. 1982 Lysine betaine and other quatenary ammonium compounds from British species of the Laminariales. Journal of Natural Products, 45(4), 449-452. [Dorset; Solent; Scilly Isles]

BOWDEN, D.A.; ROWDEN, A.A.; ATTRILL, M.J. 2001 Effect of patch size and in-patch location on the infaunal macroinvertebrate assemblages of Zostera marina seagrass beds. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(2), 133-154. [Isles of Scilly]

BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 1996 Geology and physical environment. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.19-38. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

BROWNE, E.T.; VALLENTIN, R. 1904 On the marine fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 16, 120-132.

BROWNE, S.J.; AUSTIN, G.E.; REHFISCH, M.M. 1995 Evaluation of bird monitoring requirements for the United Kingdom's non-estuarine coastline. BTO Research Report, (158), 32p. [Winter Shorebird Count (WSC) database; totals for each coastal county in UK]

BRYAN, G.W.; GIBBS, P.E.; BURT, G.R.; HUMMERSTONE, L.G. 1987 The effects of tributyltin (TBT) accumulation on adult dog-whelks, Nucella lapillus: long-term field and laboratory experiments. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 525-544. [Southwest England and Isles of Scilly]

CARRUTHERS, J.N. 1934 The flow of water past the Seven Stones Lightvessel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 19, 921-930.

CARRUTHERS, J.N.; LAWFORD, A.L.; VELEY, V.F.C.; GRUNING, J.F. 1951 Studies of water movements and winds at various lightvessels. II. At the Seven Stones Lightvessel near the Scilly Isles. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 29, 587-608.

CARTER, D.J.T.; CHALLENOR, P.G. 1979 Return wave heights at Seven Stones and Famita estimated from monthly maxima. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Report, 66, 32p.

CARUS, J.V. 1850 On the zoology of the Scilly Isles. Proceedings and Report. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire, 264-271.

CHALLENOR, P.G. 1982 A new method for the analysis of extremes applicable to one years' data. Report. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, (142), 24p. [Applied to Seven Stones Light Vessel wave data]

CLARKE, K.R.; WARWICK, R.M. 1994 Similarity-based testing for community pattern: the two-way layout with no replication. Marine Biology, 118(1), 167-176. [Nutrient-enrichment experiment in Westerschelde; algal dwelling communities in Scilly Isles; microcosm experiment, and nematodes in Exe estuary, UK]

CLARKE, K.R.; WARWICK, R.M. 1999 The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighting of step lengths between hierarchical levels. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 184, 21-29. [Scillies; Fal; Tamar; Exe; Liverpool Bay; Tyne; Northumberland; Forth; Clyde]

CLARKE, K.R.; WARWICK, R.M. 2001 A further biodiversity index applicable to species lists: variation in taxonomic distinctness. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 216, 265-278. [Scilly Isles; Exe; Fal; Tamar; Liverpool Bay; Tyne; Northumberland offshore; Forth; Clyde]

COOPER, L.H.N.; LAWFORD, A.L.; VELEY, V.F.C. 1960 On variations in the current at the Seven Stones Light Vessel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 39, 659-665.

CORDREY, L., EDITOR. 1996 The biodiversity of the South-West. An audit of the South-West biological resource. 149p. Taunton: South West Regional Planning Conference.

CORDREY, L., EDITOR. 1997 Action for biodiversity in the South-West. A series of habitat and species plans to guide delivery. 266p. Taunton: South West Regional Planning Conference.

COURTNEY, W.A.M. 1972 The effect of wind on shore gastropods. Journal of Zoology, 166, 133-139. [Scilly Isles and Pembrokeshire]

CRADDOCK, C.M.; STROUD, D.A. 1996 Other breeding birds. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.133-136. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

CRADDOCK, D.M.; STROUD, D.A. 1996 Migrant and wintering waterfowl. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.137-142. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

CROTHERS, J.H. 1985 Two different patterns of shell-shape variation in the dog-whelk Nucella lapillus (L.). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 25, 339-353. [Isles of Scilly and north coast of Wales]

CRUMPTON, C.A.; GOODWIN, M.J. 1996 Marine aggregate extraction, dredging and solid waste disposal at sea. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.223-227. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

CRUMPTON, C.A.; GOODWIN, M.J. 1996 Water quality and effluent discharges. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.231-236. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

DARGIE, T. 1991 Isles of Scilly dune vegetation survey, 1990. 3 volumes. Peterborough: English Nature. (Unpub. NCC CSD Rep. 1179)

DARGIE, T.C.D. 1996 Sand dunes. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.45-48. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

DAVIDSON, N.C. 1996 Estuaries. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.63-67. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

DAVIES, J. 1998 Western Channel (Durlston Head to Cape Cornwall, including the Isles of Scilly) (MNCR Sector 8). In: Hiscock, K., editor. Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic. p.219-253. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom MNCR series)

DAVISON, D.M.; HUGHES, D.J. 1998 Zostera biotopes (volume I). An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation and management of marine SACs. 95p. Dunstaffnage: Scottish Association for Marine Science. (UK Marine SACs Project)

DEBUSE, V.J.; ADDISON, J.T.; REYNOLDS, J.D. 2001 Morphometric variability in UK populations of the European lobster. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 81(3), 469-474.

DIMBLEBY, G.W.; GREIG, J.R.A.; SCAIFE, R.G. 1981 Vegetational history of the Isles of Scilly. In: Brothwell, D.; Dimbleby, G., editors. Environmental aspects of coasts and islands. p.127-144. Oxford: B.A.R. (BAR International Series 94)

DIPPER, F. 1981 Sublittoral survey of the Scilly Isles and south Cornwall. [64p.]. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council.

DIPPER, F.A. 1981 Sublittoral survey of the Scilly Isles and south Cornwall. Underwater Conservation Society expeditions, July 4th to 11th and 11th to 18th 1980; with assistance from the Nature Conservancy Council. [67p.]. London: Underwater Conservation Society.

DOODY, J.P. 1996 Overview. In: Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; Doody, J.P.; Davidson, N.C.; Buck, A.L., editors. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11. The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig. p.9-18. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

DRAPER, L. 1991 Wave climate atlas of the British Isles. 11p. London: HMSO. (Offshore Technology Report OTH 89 303)

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TURK, S.M. 1992 Codakia decussata (Lucinacea: Lucinidae) from Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Journal of Conchology, 34(2), 115-116.

TURK, S.M. 1994 Cornish and Scillonian marine studies, past and present. In: Fisher, S., editor. Man and the maritime environment. p.76-100. University of Exeter Press. (Exeter Maritime Studies No.9) [Including case history of Helford River; Torrey Canyon]

TURK, S.M.; LIGHT, J.M.; TOMPSETT, P.E. 2000 A large Cornish and Scillonian wreck of cuttlebones Sepia officinalis and S. orbigniana. Conchologists' Newsletter, 9(3)(155), 414-419.

VALLENTIN, R. 1909 Additional notes on the fauna of the Scilly Isles. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 17, 351-358.

WARWICK, R. 1998 Scaling of marine biodiversity. Oceanis, 24(4), 51-59. [Northumberland; Scillies; Exe; Fal; Liverpool Bay; Tyne]

WARWICK, R.M. 1977 The structure and seasonal fluctuations of phytal marine nematode associations on the Isles of Scilly. In: Keegan, B.F.; Ceidigh, P.O.; Boaden, P.J.S., editors. Biology of benthic organisms. 11th European symposium on marine biology, Galway, October 1976. 577-585. Pergamon Press.

WARWICK, R.M. 1977 Some free-living marine nematodes from the Isles of Scilly. Journal of Natural History, 11, 381-392.

WARWICK, R.M.; CLARKE, K.R. 1998 Taxonomic distinctness and environmental assessment. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35(4), 532-543. [Environmental degradation; nematodes]

WEBB, A.; STRONACH, A.; TASKER, M.L.; STONE, C.J. 1995 Vulnerable concentrations of seabirds south and west of Britain. 47p. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Sea and estuaries west of Cape Wrath and west of Dover Straits including Ireland, Faroes and French coast]

WEBB, J.E. 1991 Hydrodynamics, organisms and pollution of coastal sands. Ocean and Shoreline Management, 16(1), 23-51.

WELLS, J.B.J. 1961 Interstitial copepods from the Isles of Scilly. Crustaceana, 2, 262-274.

WELLS, J.B.J. 1968 New and rare Copepoda Harpacticoida from the Isles of Scilly. Journal of Natural History, 2, 397-424.

WHEELER, A. 1993 The distribution of Gobius cobitis in the British Isles. Journal of Fish Biology, 43(4), 652-655. [Cornwall; Devon; Southern Ireland; Scilly Isles]

WHEELER, A.W. 1960 Gobius capito as a British fish. Annals and magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 3(27), 177-181.

WILSON, D.P. 1958 On some small Ianthina janthina (L.) stranded on the Isles of Scilly, 1957. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 37, 5-8.

WILSON, D.P.; WILSON, M.A. 1956 A contribution to the biology of Ianthina janthina (L.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 35, 291-305.

WOODLEY, G. 1822 A view of the present state of the Scilly Islands. London: Longman.

 

List publications relating to historical/time-series data at the site.

The Scillonian marine fauna has received sporadic attention from amateur and professional collectors and recorders over the past century and a half, although the data that these papers contain do not constitute a formal time-series. Some key early papers include:

BROWNE, E.T.; VALLENTIN, R. 1904 On the marine fauna of the Isles of Scilly. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 16, 120-132.

CARUS, J.V. 1850 On the zoology of the Scilly Isles. Proceedings and Report. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire, 264-271.

LEWES, G.H. 1860 Seaside studies at Ilfracombe, Tenby, Scilly Isles and Jersey. 2nd edition. x, [435p.]. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons.

MARSHALL, J.T. 1896 The marine shells of Scilly. Journal of Conchology, 8, 431-433.

NORTH, I.W. 1850 A week in the Isles of Scilly. viii, 199p. Penzance: E. Rowe.

SMART, R.W.J. 1886 Line fishing off the Scilly Isles. Transactions of the Penzance Natural History Society and Antiquarian Society, 2 (1884-1888), 386-387.

SMART, R.W.J.; COOKE, A.H. 1885 The marine shells of Scilly. Journal of Conchology, 4, 285-303.

VALLENTIN, R. 1909 Additional notes on the fauna of the Scilly Isles. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 17, 351-358.

WOODLEY, G. 1822 A view of the present state of the Scilly Islands. London: Longman.

The longest formal time series data are for zooplankton and phytoplankton. The Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey (CPR) has had routes passsing through the coastal waters of Scilly every year from 1950 to the present, averaging 40 samples per year. Data can be obtained via the SAHFOS website http://www.npm.ac.uk/sahfos/sahfos2.html

Monitoring of the seagrass (Zostera marina) beds was conducted by the Nature Conservancy Council between 1984 and 1991, see:

FOWLER, S.L.; PILLEY, G.M. 1991 Report on the Lundy and Isles of Scilly marine monitoring programmes 1984 to 1991. English Nature Research Reports, (10), vi,[178p.].

Latterly this monitoring has been continued by the Coral Cay Conservation Sub-Aqua Club from 1992 under the auspices English Nature, see:

IRVING, R.A.; MACKENZIE, G. 1996. Report of the Coral Cay Conservation Sub-Aqua Club 1996 Expedition to the Isles of Scilly, 27 July – 3 August 1996.

Populations of barnacle and limpet species from a number of intertidal sites have been monitored quantitatively but sporadically since 1955. Monitoring was started by Prof. A. Southward and is being continued by M. Kendall and S. Hawkins. The data are archived in electronic form at the Library of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth.

In connection with the EU Special Area of Conservation status, a monitoring programme has been intiated by English Nature with a frequency of 3 years for the sandflats, six years for the reefs and 1 year for the seagrass beds.

 

Is biodiversity information available in electronic form? If so, what is the nature of the database (CD-ROM, web-site)?

All records of marine species from the Isles of Scilly are incorporated in the ERICA database, in Advanced Revelation, on CD-ROM. The database comprises 329,000 species records for the Isles of Scilly, for all marine taxa. This is not a simple list of species records, but includes data on abundance, habitat type, collectors names, dates etc.

Plankton data from routes that pass through the coastal waters of Scilly can be obtained via the SAHFOS website http://www.npm.ac.uk/sahfos/sahfos2.html

 

PROTECTION STATUS: The pristine nature of the site should be protected by legislation if it is to be a "flagship site" for future monitoring.

What conservation legislation (national, European, international) is currently in place, how well is it implemented and how long will it last?

European legislation

The Isles of Scilly complex has been confirmed as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the Habitats and Species Directive of the European Community 1992 (NATURA 2000). This protection is given to the habitat types mentioned in the habitats section of this questionnaire (see above), and covers the whole littoral and sublittoral area down to a depth of about 20m. The term is indefinite, and the legislation will be strictly enforced. The coastal habitats are a Special Protection Area (SPA) for birds, under the 1979 EC Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds (Birds Directive), and conservation measures are implemented through the Wildlife & Coutryside Act 1981. The region is also a Ramsar site; these are statutory areas designated by the UK government under the Ramsar Convention on the conservation of wetlands of international importance (for waterfowl and plant and animal assemblages).

National legislation

Most of the shores down to mean low water mark (23 sites) were designated between 1986 and 1995 as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), notified under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 and its 1985 amendments, which aims to limit or prevent operations that are potentially damaging to the wildlife interest of the area. The Islands are also designated as a Heritage Coast and an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The latter are designated in England by the Countryside Commission under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, and the whole of Scilly (1,600 ha) was designated in 1976.

FACILITIES: The infrastructure for biodiversity research should be available. There should also be a national commitment in terms of financing and scientific activity (i.e funding should not be entirely dependent on the success of any future EU programme).

How accessible is the location?

The Scillies are accessible by three means of public transport;

All inhabited islands can be reached from Hugh Town by daily services of local launches, and all shores are accessible via coastal footpaths. Private boats may be hired for working on the uninhabited islands and offshore.

Is it limited seasonally (e.g. not accessible in winter)?

Scillonian III does not sail in the winter (18 November – 30 March), except for a few sailings over the Christmas/New year period. However, flights are available throughout the year and any heavy equipment can be transported on the Gry Maritha.

Is it accessible by car or by boat (indicate means of transport and distance from laboratory facilities in km)?

Obviously not accessible directly by car, and on the Islands a car is unnecessary because all shores are within easy walking distance. The distance from the Islands to the nearest fully equipped marine research laboratories in Plymouth is approximately 160 km ‘as the crow flies’, and normally takes about 3 hours (car to Penzance or Land’s End 2 h, then flight to St Mary’s). To comply with HSE Diving at Work Regulations the site must be within 2 hours of the nearest decompression unit in case of accidents, which is in Plymouth. The Scillies comfortably comply with this.

What is the status of local facilities:-

Laboratory:

There is no laboratory on the islands purposely built or equipped for marine biological work, although active steps are being taken to rectify this situation. Various temporary premises are available for use ranging from the size of small rooms suitable for one or two researchers to the facilities of the local secondary school where field courses of 30 or more students can operate. In all cases researchers must bring their own equipment with them. This is not a great problem as the Steamship Company provides personalised containers for shipping equipment, and there are good arrangements for transportation on the Islands.

Boats:

Local boats are available for hire at very reasonable rates that are capable of all normal requirements for biodiversity work in coastal waters, e.g. benthos and plankton sampling, scuba-diving, use of ROVs etc. There are plenty of moorings for visiting research vessels.

Are these facilities available for guest researchers?

Yes. The facilities are equally available to anybody, since they are not ‘owned’ by any one institution.

What facilities are there for SCUBA diving?

Since SCUBA diving is one of the important recreational activities on the Islands, the facilities are not surprisingly very comprehensive. Several fully qualified operators offer all facilities: dive-boats, equipment, compressors, local knowledge of dive-sites. It is not usually necessary to take your own cylinders.

What housing is available?

All forms of housing, ranging from self-catering cottages to 4 star hotels, are available. Most hotels close in winter, but guesthouses and self-catering accommodation are available throughout the year.

List the sources of funding currently in place specifically for biodiversity research at this site (from where and how much).

The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) has a major programme of biodiversity research on the Isles of Scilly. It is 50% funded directly from the Natural Environment Research Council and 50% by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), a merger of two old Government Departments, MAFF and DOE. Funding from DEFRA totals EU 304,648 , and the total funding is EU 609,295 over a 4-year period, averaging EU 152,324 per year.

English Nature (EN) has statutory responsibility for surveying and monitoring the marine biota of the islands, currently spending EU 49,180 per year on this activity.

Coral Cay Conservation monitor the seagrass beds under the auspices of English Nature, at a cost of EU 8,197 per year.

List by name the persons currently involved in biodiversity research at this site, their roles and the percentage of their time spent on this research.

Prof. RM Warwick (PML). Field sampling, biological sample analysis, compilation of inventory, development of biodiversity indices and rapid assessment methods, coodination of DEFRA programme (RAMBLERS). (40%)

Prof. KR Clarke (PML). Analysis of biodiversity data from Scilly, development of biodiversity indices and rapid assessment methods. (10%)

Dr. PJ Somerfield (PML). Field sampling (including diving), analysis of biodiversity, compilation of inventory (60%)

Dr JM Gee (PML). Analysis of harpacticoid copepods (10%)

Dr MCV Austen (PML). Field sampling (including diving) (5%)

Dr S Widddicombe (PML). Field sampling (including diving), macrobenthos identification, report writing (20%)

Mr MA Kendall (PML). Field sampling, rocky-shore surveys, polychaete analysis (10%)

Ms S Dashfield (PML). Field sampling (including diving), analysis of biological samples, especially meiobenthos, logistics. (100%)

Ms H Needham (PML). Field sampling, sample processing (20%)

Dr K Hiscock (Marine Biological Association). Field sampling (including diving), identification of epifauna (10%).

Dr B. Picton (Ulster Museum). Field sampling (diving), identification of epifaunal animals (20%).

Ms. C. Morrow (Ulster Museum). Identification of epifaunal animals, especially sponges (10%)

Mr T. Allsop (St Martin’s Diving Services). SCUBA diving operations (10%)

Dr R Covey (EN). Supervision of monitoring operations, field sampling (including diving) and reporting (10%).

Dr. T. Hill (EN). Sublittoral reef surveys (5%).

Ms E Murray (EN). Field sampling of intertidal flats and subtidal reefs (including diving).

Dr N Thomas (EMU Conservation). Sublittoral reef surveys (5%).

Dr T.Harris (Exeter University). Running field-courses for students (10%).

The above list is of persons currently funded specifically for research on Scilly. In addition there are numerous sub-contractors, amateurs and students also undertaking marine biological work on the islands.

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS.

Please use this section to add any additional supporting comments, for example what do you think is special about your site from the biodiversity point of view, why is it important to monitor biodiversity there, and what is the public awareness of this?

The Isles of Scilly have been described as "the only Lusitanian oceanic archipelago in Europe" (English Nature 1994), and the high national importance of these Isles is now recognised by their high conservation status. The biota has a number of special features. Several species from southern Europe and the Mediterranean are found on Scilly and nowhere else in Britain, and the Islands have more benthic species defined as ‘nationally rare’ and ‘nationally scarce’ than any other locality in SW Britain (Sanderson 1996). The phenomenon of ‘emergence’ (normally sublittoral species occurring on the shore) is widespread among many taxa, but the reason(s) for this are still equivocal (Harvey 1969). The Islands are considered by some to have more in common with Brittany than with the British coast.